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Chapter 1 : The Science of Physics
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Physics is Everywhere.
===Most do not realize the true impact of physics in our day-to-day lives, however, physics affects us in many ways. Any occurence with temperature, size, motion, position, shape, or color involves physics. The categorization of physics topics can be best illustrated by the chart below: ===

Areas within Physics
===Name: Subjects : Examples: === ===Mechanics: Motion and its causes: Falling objects, friction, weight, spinning objects === ===Thermodynamics: Heat and temperature: Melting and freezing processes, engines, refrigeratos === ===<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Vibrations and Waves: <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Specific repetitive motions: <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Springs, pendulums, sound === ===<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Optics: <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Light: <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Mirrors, lenses, color, astronomy === ===<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Electromagnetism: <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Electricity, magnetism, and light: <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Electric charges, circuits, permanent magnets, electromagnets === ===<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Relativity: <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Particles moving at all speeds: <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Particle collisions, particle accelerators, nuclear energy === ===<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Quantum Mechanics: <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">Behavior of submicroscopic entities: <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">The atom and its parts ===

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===<span style="font-size: 110%; color: #8e2525; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD  ===

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<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">**    Steps of the Scientific Method     ** //**<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">1. Make observations and collect data that leads to a question. 2. Formulate and objectively test hypotheses by experiments. 3. Interpret results, and revise the hypothesis if necessary. 4. State conclusions in a form that can be evaluated by others .**//

<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">***MODELS: Another important concept to understand about physics is the usage of MODELS. Models are convenient ways for humans to simulate/describe the physical occurrences of given situations. With models we can more accurately predict and mathematically determine the outcome of physical events.**

<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">***HYPOTHESES: The key to the success of the scientific method is the existence of a controlled experiment. Essentially, this means only one variable can be tested at a time. And remember, THE BEST PHYSICS HYPOTHESES CAN MAKE PREDICTIONS IN NEW SITUATIONS!!!!** <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;">** Section Review: Section 1-1:

1.) Name the areas of physics.

2.) Identify the area of physics that is most relevant to each of the following situations. Explain your reasoning. a. A high school football game b. Food preparation for the prom c. Playing in the school band d. Lighting in a thunderstorm e. Wearing a pair of sunglasses outside in the sun

3.) What are the steps of the scientific method?

4.) Give two examples of ways that physicists moel the physical world.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _** <span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"> **1-2. Measurements in Experiments**

Scientists and Physicists make crucial calculations when they test hypotheses. Therefore, it is equally essential to have a system of numerical order whereupon numbers, units, measurements, and the handling thereof is consistent. Scientists call this standard system the SI system. (Systemé International).
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; color: #8e2525; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"> THE SI SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

We may be familiar with derived SI units such as joules or newtons, these units are commonplace, however, they all originate from the basic three standard units of meters, kilograms, and seconds. Units such as newtons, simply stem from those three units in combination, (ex: N=kg x m/s x s).

When dealing within the SI system, it is important to remember that for extreme numbers, big or small, prefixes are used. For example, the speed of light would be expressed as 3.0 x 10 to the seventh

ACCURACY AND PRECISION**

__**Remember, when using the SI system one must consider whether or not measurements are precise, accurate, both or neither. Precision: describes the limitations of the measuring instruments in use Accuracy: describes how close a answer is to the actual value or targeted value (determined mathematically)

When using these definitions it becomes necessary to cut off and round numbers in the appropriate form, for this problem scientists developed significant figures.

SIGFIGS

Sigfig Rules:

Rules for determining whether zeros are significant figures: 1. Zeros between other nonzero digits ARE significant 2. Zeros in front of nonzero digits are not significant 3. Zeros that are at the end of a number and also to the right of the decimal are significant 4. Zeros at the end of a number but to the left of a decimal are signigicant if they have been measured or are the first estimated digit; otherwise, they are not significant.

Section Review: Section 1-2:

1.) Which SI units would you use for the following measurements? a. the length of a swimming pool b. the mass of the water in the pool c. the time it takes a swimmer to swim a lap 2.) Express the following measurements as indicated. a. 6.20 mg in kilograms b. 3 x10 -9 in milliseconds c. 88.0 km in meters 3.) Perform these calculations, following the rules for significant figures. a. 26 x .02584= ? b. 15.3 / 1.1 = ? c. 782.45 - 3.5328 = ? d. 63.528 ÷ 734.2 = ?

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Section 1-3. The Language of Physics**

<span style="font-size: 110%; color: #8e2525; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype', 'Book Antiqua', Palatino, serif;">       **WAYS FOR SCIENTIFIC DATA TO BE COMMUNICATED**

__**When comparing great volumes of information and compilations, it can be a complex and difficult task to sort through information. Therefore, scientists and physicists have turned to utilizing graphs, tables, and equations to make date easier to understand.

Equations are used to process information in a uniform matter so that all people can evaluate data and yield similar results. When units are incorporated into informational exchanges, it is imperative to keep unit transformation uniform. Scientists use what we call DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS to accomplish just that.

Order of magnitude is used to correspond between the size of amounts and how objective amounts relate to one another correspondingly.

Dimensional analysis is process by which one can convert equal amounts in different units to similar units. For instance, a meter is equal to 100 centimeters. To covert from one unit to another, one takes the amount over 1, multiplied by the unit equivalent of the coverted unit over one, therefore the dimensional analysis would be as follows:

1m/1 × 100cm/1 = 100 cm**__


 * 100 cm** **__is the final answer.__

Section Review: Section 1-3:__

1.) Convert 300 kilograms to slugs.

2.) Determine the units of the quantity described by the following combinations of units: a. kg (m/s) (1/s) b. (kg/s) (m/s) c. (kg/s) (m/s)2 d. (kg/s/s) (m/s/ms) 3.) Which of the following is the best order of magnitude estimate in meters of the height of a mountain? a. 1m b. 10m c. 100m d. 1000m**

All information compliments of the textbook.
 * WORKS CITED:

Holt, Rinehart And. __Holt Physics__. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 2001.**