ch14_adag

 Chapter 14: Light and Reflection   __**14-1: Characteristics of Light **__ -Electromagnetic Waves: -White light to the visible eye is actually a spectrum of colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. -Light waves are classified as electromagnetic waves.  -Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves, x rays, and gamma rays. Wavelength and frequency values for each type of wave are on page 521.  -All electromagnetic waves move at **the speed of light**: c- 3.00x10^8 m/s. -The relationship between frequency, wavelength, and speed is as follows:  -Waves can be approximated as rays -Brightness decreases by the square of the distance from the source- the brightness of light depends on how much light is actually emitted from the source and how the distance from the source. -The apparent brightness is proportional to the actual brightness of the source divided by the square of the distance between the source and the observer.   <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0);">__**<span style="font-size: 130%; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">14-2: Flat Mirrors **__ <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> -Reflection is the change in the direction of light. -The texture of the surface affects how light is reflected. <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">-Incoming and reflected angles are equal; the //angle of incidence// and the //angle of reflection// are equal when measured off of the normal line: //θ=θ'// -The object distance from a flat mirror, //p//, and the image distance, //q//, are equal. -The <span style="color: rgb(255,0,255); font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**virtual image** <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> is the image formed by rays that appear to come together at the image point behind the mirror. -A <span style="color: rgb(255,0,255); font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**ray diagram** <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> will help predict image location: <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0); font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">
 * -Electromagnetic waves** <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">vary depending on frequency and wavelength, which account for different colors of visible light.
 * <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">//c=f//λ
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,255); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Diffuse reflection** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> is when light rays reflect in many different directions off of a textured surface.
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,255); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Specular reflection** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> is when rays are reflected in only one direction off of a smooth surface.



__**14-3: Curved Mirrors**__ <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**Concave Spherical Mirrors** -Concave spherical mirrors focus light to produce a real image. -The image is determined by the amount which the mirror is curved, or the //radius of curvature, R,// and the distance to the //center of curvature, C.// -The <span style="color: rgb(255,0,255); font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">**real image** <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;"> is when it becomes unfocused as you move away from the lens. -To predict image location, use the mirror equation: <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">where //f// is the focal length. -A concave mirror can also be portrayed through a ray diagram:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">//1/p+1/q=2/R=1/f//



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">

-Magnification relates image and object sizes. -Unlike flat mirrors, curved mirrors' image is magnified. -The equation to find the magnification of an image is: <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">where //h'// is the image height and //h// is the object height. -The sign of //M// effects the image: <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">//M=h'/h=-q/p//

-Convex ray diagrams are a little bit different from concave.
 * Convex Spherical Mirrors**

1. Focal point and center of curvature are behind the mirror's surface. 2. A virtual, upright image forms where the three lines intersect.

-Parabolic mirrors eliminate ** spherical aberration **, when rays from the principal axis converge at slightly different points on the principal axis. -By using a mirror with a smaller diameter, the spherical aberration is reduced. -Items such as telescopes use parabolic mirrors. <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> __**<span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0,255,0); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">14-4: Color and Polarization **__<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> -Additive colors produce white light when combined.
 * Parabolic Mirrors**
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,255); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Refracting telescopes** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">use a combination of lenses to form an image.
 * <span style="color: rgb(255,0,255); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Reflecting telescopes** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> use a curved mirror and small lenses to form an image.

The picture shows what colors are made when they are added together. The **complimentary** colors are those that are opposite of each other. Red is complimentary to cyan, Blue to yellow, and green to magenta. <span style="color: rgb(255,0,255); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Primary additive colors** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> are red, blue, and green. <span style="color: rgb(255,0,255); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**Primary subtractive colors** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> are magenta, cyan, and yellow.

-Subtractive colors block out all light when added together.

<span style="color: rgb(255,0,255); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">**-Linear polarization** <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> is when a beam of light with electric field waves orient in the same direction. -Light can linearly be polarized through transmission. -Light can be polarized by reflection and scattering.
 * Polarization of Light Waves**

1. The AM radio band extends from 5.4x10^5 Hz to 1.7x10^6 Hz. What are the longest and shortest wavelengths in tehis frequency range?
 * Sample Problems :**

2. A concave spherical mirror has a focal length of 10.0 cm. Locate the image of a pencil that is placed upright 30.0 cm from the mirror. Find the magnification of the image. Draw a ray diagram to confirm your answer.

3. An upright pencil is placed in fron tof convex spherical mirror with a focal length of 8.00 cm. an erect image 2.50 cm tall is formed 4.44 cm behind the mirror. find the position of the object, the magnification of the image, and the height of the pencil.

1. λ1=5.6x10^2 m λ2=1.8x10^2 m
 * Answers: **

2. q= 15 cm M= -q/p= -15cm/30cm= -.50

3. M=0.444 h= 5.63 cm

Bibliography: "Holt Online Learning." __Holt Online Learning__. 5 June 2009 <http://my.hrw.com/tabnav/controller.jsp?isbn=0030724864>. All pictures were taken from "Holt Online Learning." __Holt Online Learning__. 5 June 2009 <[]>.